Author Hazakura
Sensei, what is the difference between よ う に / た め に? I often get confused.
OK, if you feel messed up when studying よ う に, た め に , you are on the right track!
6 meanings of ように, 2 meanings of ために。Terrible !
- ~ よ うに itselft has up to 6 meanings. One of the meanings is “in order to ~”
- ~ た め に itself has 2 meanings. One of the meanings is “In order to ~” also.
Then, when it comes to the meaning “In order to ~ ”, よ う に and た め に are completely different in usage. They seem to be the same thing but in fact different!
Let’s see the following 2 sentences,
(1) いい成績を残せる(ように・ために)、みんな頑張って練習している。
(2) いい成績を残す(ように・ために)、みんな頑張って練習している。
They both mean
In order to make a good record, everybody is trying hard.
But number 1 is ように, and number 2 is ために.
いい成績を残せるように、みんな頑張って練習している。Correct
いい成績を残すために、みんな頑張って練習している。Correct
We won’t say
いい成績を残せるために、みんな頑張って練習している。X
いい成績を残すように、みんな頑張って練習している。X
Hey, what is the deadly secret here?
The deadly secret is whether the verb before the parentheses (hereafter A) is a volitional verb or non-volitional verb.
- If A is a volitional verb, then ように is correct.
- If A is a non-volitional verb, then ために is correct.
Thus, the next question is what is volitional verb and what is non volitional verb.
There are signals to recognize them.
Signal 1: If A is in potential form, it’s non-volitional verb, choose ように
When A is in potential forms like 話 せ る ・ 行 け る, etc, this is a sign of non-volitional verb.
Because of the non-volitonal verb, choose よ う に, and eliminate た め に.
For example
~ように or ~ために ?
い い 成績 を 残 せ る (よ う に ・ た め に) 、 み ん な 頑 張 っ て 練習 し て い るる.
Before the parenthesis, A is 残 せ る which is a potential verb form. Potential verb means non-volitional verb, that’s why よ う に is correct and た め に is in correct.
Result
い い 成績 を 残 せ る よ う に 、 み ん な 頑 張 っ て 練習 し て い る。
= Everyone is working hard to make good results.
We don’t have
Potential verb form + た め に X
い い 成績 を 残 せ る た め に 、 み ん な 頑 張 っ て 練習 し て い る 。X
Signal 2: If A is an intransitive verb, like 落ちる、出る, more than 90% of them are non-volitional verb.
(Please note that there are exceptions. There are 4 intransitive verbs but function as volitional verb)
Example ~ように or ~ために
汚 れ が 落 ち る (よ う に ・ た め に) 、 特別 な 洗 剤 を 使 っ て み た. A is 落 ち る which is an intransitive verb. Therefore, よ う に is correct, ~ために is incorrect.
汚 れ が 落 ち る よ う に 特別 な 洗 剤 を 使 っ て み た。 = I try using special soap in order to make the stain go away.
We won’t say 汚 れ が 落 ち る た め に 特別 な 洗 剤 を 使 っ て み た。X
However, as mentioned above, there are 4 exceptions. Although they are intransitive verbs, they function as volitional verbs. Let’s stay away from them, that is, do not choose よ う に when A is the following
起 き る 踊 る 回 す
Signal 3: If A are some special verbs like わ か る 、 忘 れ る, they are non-volitional verb. Then よ う に is correct, ~ために is incorrect.
Example ~ように or ~ために
わ か る (よ う に / た め に) 、 勉強 し ま す。 Since A is わ か る, then よ う に is correct.
わ か る よ う に勉強 し ま す. = I study in order to know things.

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