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How to solve grammar test ように or ために?

Author Hazakura

Sensei, what is the difference between よ う に / た め に? I often get confused.

OK, if you feel messed up when studying よ う に, た め に , you are on the right track!

6 meanings of ように, 2 meanings of ために。Terrible !

  • ~ よ うに itselft has up to 6 meanings. One of the meanings is “in order to ~”
  • ~ た め に itself has 2 meanings. One of the meanings is “In order to ~” also.

Then, when it comes to the meaning “In order to ~ ”, よ う に and た め に are completely different in usage. They seem to be the same thing but in fact different!

Let’s see the following 2 sentences,

(1) いい成績を残せる(ように・ために)、みんな頑張って練習している。

(2) いい成績を残す(ように・ために)、みんな頑張って練習している。

They both mean

In order to make a good record, everybody is trying hard.

But number 1 is ように, and number 2 is ために.

いい成績を残せるように、みんな頑張って練習している。Correct

いい成績を残すために、みんな頑張って練習している。Correct

We won’t say

いい成績を残せるために、みんな頑張って練習している。X

いい成績を残すように、みんな頑張って練習している。X

Hey, what is the deadly secret here?

The deadly secret is whether the verb before the parentheses (hereafter A) is a volitional verb or non-volitional verb.

  • If A is a volitional verb, then ように is correct.
  • If A is a non-volitional verb, then ために is correct.

Thus, the next question is what is volitional verb and what is non volitional verb.

There are signals to recognize them.

Signal 1: If A is in potential form, it’s non-volitional verb, choose ように

When A is in potential forms like 話 せ る ・ 行 け る, etc, this is a sign of non-volitional verb.

Because of the non-volitonal verb, choose よ う に, and eliminate た め に.

For example

~ように or ~ために ?

い い 成績 を 残 せ る (よ う に ・ た め に) 、 み ん な 頑 張 っ て 練習 し て い るる.

Before the parenthesis, A is 残 せ る which is a potential verb form. Potential verb means non-volitional verb, that’s why よ う に is correct and た め に is in correct.

Result

い い 成績 を 残 せ る よ う に 、 み ん な 頑 張 っ て 練習 し て い る。

= Everyone is working hard to make good results.

We don’t have

Potential verb form + た め に X

い い 成績 を 残 せ る た め に 、 み ん な 頑 張 っ て 練習 し て い る 。X

Signal 2: If A is an intransitive verb, like 落ちる、出る, more than 90% of them are non-volitional verb.

(Please note that there are exceptions. There are 4 intransitive verbs but function as volitional verb)

Example ~ように or ~ために

汚 れ が 落 ち る (よ う に ・ た め に) 、 特別 な 洗 剤 を 使 っ て み た. A is 落 ち る which is an intransitive verb. Therefore, よ う に is correct, ~ために is incorrect.

汚 れ が 落 ち る よ う に 特別 な 洗 剤 を 使 っ て み た。 = I try using special soap in order to make the stain go away.

We won’t say 汚 れ が 落 ち る た め に 特別 な 洗 剤 を 使 っ て み た。X

However, as mentioned above, there are 4 exceptions. Although they are intransitive verbs, they function as volitional verbs. Let’s stay away from them, that is, do not choose よ う に when A is the following

起 き る 踊 る 回 す

Signal 3: If A are some special verbs like わ か る 、 忘 れ る, they are non-volitional verb. Then よ う に is correct, ~ために is incorrect.

Example ~ように or ~ために

わ か る (よ う に / た め に) 、 勉強 し ま す。 Since A is わ か る, then よ う に is correct.

わ か る よ う に勉強 し ま す. = I study in order to know things.

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